Most professional sport teams use the star system. Two or three guys who play every game and make every play take home most of the payroll. You know their names. That’s part of the point. The rest of the team gets what’s left over. There’s not a lot of incentive, nor opportunity, to move forward in these closed systems. Many players tend to stagnate. The New England Patriots are different. This organization follows a no-star system. Rather than isolating top players on the field for one-on-one marquee plays, the Patriots deliberately spread the ball around on offense (the guys who run and catch) and frequently swap out defensive players (the ones who tackle the ones who run and catch). without warning or fanfare. The result: Few players have stellar individual statistics, but the team overall has two of the longest winning streaks in National Football League history. And it has won three Super Bowls in four years.

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Sometimes even managers’ best intentions can lead to big court battles. Example: when employers unwittingly discriminate in an effort to hire a diverse workforce. A white schoolteacher applied several times to be an assistant principal. She was turned down each time in favor of African-American applicants. She argued that the school district had an overall practice of favoring minority employees and applicants over whites when filling higher-up positions. For example, she claimed the district:

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